U 


FRANK 


"I  inn'i'  ohseri'ed  that  ti  reader  seldom 
&crn\f\  a  hook  :;•////  pleasure  till  he  /V/O::M 
ivhethrr  I  be  writer  of  it  he  u  black  or  </ 
f(f/r  man,  of  j  mild  or  ihulct\  disposition, 
married  or  a  bin  hclor,  ::•////  other  partnu- 
lar\  of  the  like  nature  that  conduce  very 
much  to  the  n«ht  understanding  of  the 
author.  " 

—  The  Spectator 


D  P 


C  O 


FRANK    NORRIS 
Whose  recently  discovered  novel  "Vandover  and  the  Brute,"  has  just  been  published 


I  I 


Frank  Norris 

I 870- I 002 

An  intimate  sketch  of  the  man  who  was 
universally  acclaimed  the   greatest 
American  writer  of  his  generation. 

By  CHARLES  G.  £JORRIS 


FRANK  NORRIS  was  a  born  story-teller;  he. 
acquired  the  art  of  literary  expression  after 
hard  work  and  a  long  apprenticeship.  His 
original  intention  was  to  be  an  artist.  When  he  was 
seventeen  he  went  to  France,  and  enrolled  as  a  stud 
ent  at  \\izAtelier  Julien,  in  Paris.  He  remained  there 
two  years  and  became  absorbed,  not  in  art,  but  in 
chivalry.  The  reading  of  Froissart  's  Chronicles  was 
his  daily  recreation.  He  became  so  imbued  with  the 
spirit  of  medievalism,  and  so  familiar  with  the  man 
ners  and  customs  of  the  time,  that  once  with  much 
amusement  he  pointed  out  to  me  an  error  in  Scott's 
"  Ivanhoe,"in  which  one  of  its  characters  is  described 
as  wearing  a  certain  kind  of  armor  that  was  not  in 
use  until  a  hundred  years  later;  a  mistake  that  was 
as  obvious  to  him  as  if  someone  to-day  should  depict 
Richelieu  in  a  frock  coat  and  top  hat. 

Many  and  diverse  reasons  have  led  men  and  wo 
men  to  literature,  but  none  quite  so  strange  as 
that  which  induced  him  to  elect  that  vocation. 

767    ' 


His  earliest  ventures  into  literature  were  more  to 
irovide  a  vehicle  for  his  illustrations  than  for  any 
inteFest  he  had  in  writing  itself.  Thus  it  was  that 
his  first  novel,  "  Robert  d'Artois,"  was  written,  —  a 
crude  amateurish  effort  that  bore  little  evidence 
that  he  was  ever  to  become  a  great  author. 

But  he  loved  story-telling,  and  his  imagination 
knew  no  limitations.  My  earliest  recollections  are 
of  the  endless  and  involved  stories  of  love  and  chiv 
alry  that  he  wove  about  my  lead  soldiers,  to  my 
never-failing  enchantment  and  delight.  There  were 
several  thousands  of  these  soldiers,  and  each  captain 
and  lieutenant  had  a  name  and  history  of  his 
own.  I  n  these  stories  there  was  an  utter  disregard  of 
historical  accuracy  and  sequence.  Thus  the  Veiled 
Prophet  of  Khorassan,  the  Cid  and  Khedive,  Machi- 
avelli  and  Corbullo  the  Saxon  all  lived  and  had  their 
being  together  in  this  miniature  world  of  lead.  There 
were  eleven  years  between  our  ages,  and  it  is  impossi 
ble  to  suppose  that  my  brother  found  any  lasting 
amusement  in  entertaining  one  so  much  younger 
than  himself.  Rather,  I  fancy,  it  was  his  interest  in 
his  own  mental  processes,  and  in  the  fantastic  situa 
tions  he  devised.  He  would  spend  hours  fashioning 
wonderful  cannon,  out  of  the  thick  handles  of  his 
paint-brushes,  and  the  sides  of  cigar-boxes.  These 
were  painted  ivory  black  with  red  trimmings,  and 
christened  "The  Spitfire,"  and  "The  Peacemaker." 
He  drew  maps  of  the  two  countries  continually  at 
war,  "Sparta"  and  "  Rome,"  dividing  them  into 
provinces,  carefully  marking  the  rivers  and  moun 
tains,  roads  and  railways. 


A  sketch  of  his  dog  "Monk"  by  Frank  Morris,  one  of  the  few 
examples  of  his  work  as  an  artist,  that  has  been  preserved. 


At  this  time  we  were  all  in  Paris.  When  the  fam 
ily  returned  to  California,  leaving  Frank  in  Paris  to 
continue  his  study  of  art,  he  began  writing  me  a  novel 
in  which  all  our  favorite  characters  reappeared,  re 
volving  about  myself,  whom  he  described  as  the 
nephew  of  the  Duke  of  Burgundy.  I  wish  I  had 
space  to  repeat  this  story  in  detail.  It  was  written 
in  the  second  person,  on  closely-ruled  notepaper,  one 
sheet  slipped  inside  another,  and  the  whole  fastened 
together  with  a  small  loop  of  red  or  blue  string  in 
the  upper  left  hand  corner.  It  came  to  me  in  chap 
ters,  rolled  up  inside  French  newspapers  to  save  post 
age.  Each  installment  was  profusely  illustrated  with 
pencil  sketches,  mostly  of  myself  as  an  esquire,  a 
man-at-arms,  an  equerry,  and  finally  as  a  knight. 
Plots  and  episodes  from  the  works  of  Scott,  Francis 
Bacon,  Frank  Stockton  and  others  were  lifted  bodily, 
sometimes  the  actual  wording  was  borrowed.  I  re 
member  a  sentence,  "  The  night  closed  down  dark  as 
a  wolf's  mouth,"  that  years  later  I  found  again  in  the 
opening  of  a  chapter  of  "  Ouentin  Durward." 

Frank  came  home  before  these  adventures  were 
finished.  He  left  the  heroine  lashed  to  a  railroad 
track,  and  me  locked  in  a  neighboring  switchman's 
tower.  My  story  was  never  concluded,  but  it  was  to 
this  time  in  our  lives  that  he  referred  in  his  dedication 
of  "The  Pit:" 

"  In  memory  of  certain  lamentable  tales  of  the 
round  (dining-room)  table  heroes;  of  the  epic  of  the 
pewter  platoons,  and  the  romance-cycle  of  'Gaston 
le  Fox  ,  which  we  invented,  maintained,  and  found 
marvelous  at  a  time  when  we  both  were  boys." 

4 


He  was  nineteen  when  he  came  home  and  began 
to  prepare  for  the  entrance  examinations  of  the  Uni 
versity  of  California.  While  he  was  studying  for  them 
he  elected  to  write  a  three  canto  poem  in  the  metre  of 
Scott's  verse.  It  was  the  first  writing  of  merit  that 
he  did.  While  still  in  Paris  he  had  written  a  short 
article  on  the  armor  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  illus 
trated  it,  but  it  was  no  such  serious  attempt  as  was 
the  poem.  "Ancient  Armour"  appeared  in  the  San 
Francisco  Chronicle,  in  March  1889,  and  he  received 
nine  dollars, —  the  first  money  ever  earned  by  his  pen. 

The  three  canto  poem  was  entitled  "Yvernelle," 
and  was  published  by  Lippincott.  He  sent  some  of 
his  pen-and-ink  sketches  with  it,  but  these  were  re 
turned.  The  publishers  felt  that  the  book  would 
sell  best  as  a  holiday  offering,  in  which  illustrations 
played  an  important  part.  I  suppose  that  this  was 
only  a  polite  way  of  saying  that  his  own  illustrations 
were  not  good  enough.  Will  Low  and  Frederick 
Dealman  eventually  did  some  of  the  pictures,  and  the 
book  was  bound  very  handsomely,  and  sold  for  three 
and  five  dollars  a  volume. 

While  he  was  in  college  Frank  began  to  take  his 
writing  seriously.  He  did  not  have  a  very  high  re 
spect  for  his  instructors  in  the  English  department. 
I  recall  his  irritation  when  an  essay  on  "Thomas  a 
Becket"  was  returned  to  him,  with  no  more  definite 
criticism  that  the  single  word  "Fustian,"  scrawled 
across  its  title  page.  But  he  began  to  read  fiction 
critically,  and  at  this  time  was  never  without  a  yel 
low  paper-covered  novel  of  Zola  in  his  hand.  He 
loved  Kipling,  too,  and  Richard  Harding  Davis,  and 

5 


thought  William  Dean  Howells  a  much  greater 
novelist  than,  in  those  days,  he  was  generally  con 
ceded  to  be. 

One  of  Frank's  first  stories,  "Son  of  a  Sheik,"  was 
written  while  he  was  a  Sophomore,  and  published  in 
the  Argonaut.  Another  very  remarkable  story, 
called  "Lauth,"  appeared  in  the  Overland 
Monthly.  During  the  early  part  of  1894,  —  his 
last  six  months  at  the  University  of  California,  —  a 
series  of  stories,  under  the  general  heading  of  "Out 
ward  and  Visible  Signs,"  made  their  appearance  in 
the  Overland,  and  in  August  of  the  same  year, 
"The  Caged  Lion,"  one  of  the  best  short  stones  he 
ever  wrote,  was  published  in  the  Argonaut.  He 
never  sold  anything  to  the  eastern  magazines,  how 
ever.  The  manuscripts  he  sent,  unfailingly  came 
back.  He  had  hopes  that  William  Doxey,  who  had 
then  a  flourishing  publishing  business  in  San  Fran 
cisco,  would  bring  out  a  volume  of  his  short  stories. 
I  remember  how  earnestly  he  worked  on  some  of  the 
illustrations  for  this  book,  pressing  me  into  service 
as  his  model,  keeping  me  posing  for  hours.  He  was 
undecided  between  "Beer  and  Skittles"  and  "On 
and  Off  the  Asphalt"  as  a  title.  But  this  plan  never 
came  to  anything. 

Some  time  before  he  completed  his  four  years  at 
the  California  University  he  began  "McTeague;"  it 
was  well  started  before  he  came  east  to  take  a  year's 
post-graduate  work  at  Harvard.  This  was  the  most 
formative  year  of  his  life  as  a  writer.  I  have  heard 
him  say  many  times  that  he  learned  more  about 
writing  the  English  language,  in  the  nine  months 

6 


course  of  "  English  22,"  under  Professor  Lewis  E. 
Gates,  than  he  did  during  any  other  period  of  his 
life.  He  dedicated  "  McTeague"  to  Professor  Gates 
when  it  was  published.  About  this  time,  too,  he 
began  to  study  the  dictionary.  I  have  seen  him  por 
ing  over  it  for  hours,  making  notes  of  words  and 
their  meanings.  Every  morning  he  always  read  the 
death  notices  in  the  newspapers,  for  the  sake  of  find 
ing  unusual  names.  It  was  from  this  source  that  he 
got  Annixter,  Jadwin,  and  Magnus  Derrick. 

He  wrote  the  greater  part  of  "McTeague"  during 
his  year  at  Harvard,  but  before  completing  it,  he 
commenced  "Vandover  and  The  Brute,"  the  novel 
which  has  just  been  published.  This  book  was  des 
tined  to  have  a  curious  history.  It  was  inspired,  to 
a  large  degree,  by  the  unmorality  of  the  undergradu 
ates  with  whose  lives  he  was  familiar.  Grewsome  in 
theme,  powerfully  realistic,  he  followed  the  story  to 
its  terrible  and  logical  conclusion,  then  laid  it  aside 
for  other  work,  and  all  but  forgot  its  very  existence. 
After  his  death  it  remained  in  storage,  packed  away 
in  a  San  Francisco  warehouse,  and  when,  in  the  fire 
that  followed  the  great  earthquake,  the  storehouse 
was  burned  to  the  ground,  "  Vandover"  was  presum 
ably  destroyed  with  it.  By  a  curious  destiny,  how 
ever,  the  crate  containing  the  manuscript  was  saved, 
but  it  was  only  after  years  that  it  was  identified,  and 
the  lost  story  brought  to  light. 

As  indicative  of  the  seriousness  with  which  Frank 
was  now  beginning  to  regard  his  work,  I  remember 
that  he  kept  a  black  notebook,  in  his  inside  coat  poc 
ket,  in  which  he  set  down  a  heterogeneous  collection 

7 


of  notes  of  his  own  observations:  a  well-turned  sen 
tence,  a  good  name,  the  possible  title  of  a  book.  One 
of  these  entries,  I  remember,  read:  "The  hands  of 
the  village  clock  closed  like  a  pair  of  shears,  and  cut 
the  night  in  twain."  This  book  was  his  greatest 
treasure.  Years  afterward  he  told  me  that  keeping 
it  taught  him  the  difference  between  seeing  life  sub 
jectively  and  objectively.  No  one,  he  believed, 
could  become  a  writer,  until  he  could  regard  life  and 
people,  and  the  world  in  general,  from  the  objective 
point-of-view,  —  until  he  could  remain  detached,  out 
side,  maintain  the  unswerving  attitude  of  the  obser 
ver.  I  read  part  of  his  notebook  once,  and  got 
soundly  kicked  for  my  impertinence,  but  years  after 
ward  I  came  upon  many  of  these  same  notes  in  his 
work,  amplified  and  adapted. 

In  1895  he  came  back  to  San  Francisco,  and  in 
October  sailed  for  South  Africa  to  write  a  series  of 
articles  for  a  syndicate  of  newspapers.  His  plan  was 
to  start  at  Capetown,  go  north  to  Johannesburg,  trek 
through  Matabeleland,  thence  onward  to  the  Nile, 
and  down  the  river  to  Cairo.  A  happy  accident 
took  him  to  Africa  at  this  time.  No  sooner  had  he 
set  foot  on  Boer  soil  than  trouble  with  the  English 
began  to  brew.  By  the  time  he  reached  Johannes 
burg,  the  famous  Jameson's  raid  had  been  pro 
jected.  Delighted  at  the  possibility  of  war,  Frank 
enlisted  in  the  English  army  for  the  defense 
of  Johannesburg,  and  had  the  supreme  satisfaction 
of  being  assigned  regular  accoutrements,  a  rifle,  a 
number  of  rounds  of  ammunition,  and  above  all  a 
horse !  Reading  his  journal  of  those  days  one  catches 

8 


his  tremendous  excitement  when  news  from  Jameson 
and  his  six  hundred  men  was  hourly  awaited.  He 
describes  with  what  gratification  he  received  an  in 
vitation  to  Christmas  dinner  from  John  Hays  Ham 
mond.  But  this  festive  meal  nearly  caused  him  a 
long  imprisonment,  for  with  the  collapse  of  the  raid, 
Hammond  and  many  others  identified  with  the  up 
rising  were  thrown  into  jail,  their  lives  at  the  mercy 
of  the  Boer  government.  My  brother  was  given 
thirty  days  to  get  out  of  the  country. 

He  was  unable  to  obey  this  order  however.  Al 
most  immediately  he  came  down  with  African  fever, 
and  was  very  close  to  death.  A  scarcity  of  provi 
sions  in  Johannesburg  sent  bread  up  to  seven  dollars 
a  loaf,  and  in  a  short  time  his  letter  of  credit  was  ex 
hausted.  At  this  point  there  are  many  empty  pages 
in  his  journal.  He  confessed  to  me  afterward  that 
he  was  too  weak  from  fever  to  remove  the  cap  of  his 
fountain  pen.  Finally  there  occurs  this  entry : 

"I'm  out  to  sea,  I'm  out  to  sea! 

'Tisn't  half  as  fine  as  I  thought  it  would  be!" 

He  returned  to  San  Francisco  in  the  spring  of  1896 
to  spend  months  in  an  effort  to  regain  his  shattered 
health.  Of  the  fever  he  never  entirely  rid  himself; 
it  recurred  at  intervals  during  the  remaining  six  years 
of  his  life,  and  when  he  was  stricken  with  appendici 
tis,  it  supplied  the  complication  that  resulted  in  his 
death. 

For  the  following  two  years  his  literary  work  was 
almost  entirely  associated  with  the  Wave,  of  which 
John  O'Hara  Cosgrave  was  then  the  editor.  Every 

9 


week  Frank  wrote  either  an  article,  a  sketch  or  a 
short  story  for  this  periodical.  In  looking  over  his 
output  at  this  time  one  cannot  but  marvel  at  the 
amount  of  material  he  turned  out,  and  the  activity 
of  his  creative  faculty. 

In  the  summer  of  1897,  Frank  went  up  to  the  "  Big 
Dipper  Mine,"  in  Placer  County,  California,  to  com 
plete  "McTeague."  It  was  there  that  the  closing 
chapters  of  the  book  were  written.  The  death  of 
Trina  in  the  kindergarten  had  been  written  some 
three  years  earlier.  The  scene  of  the  chapter  im 
mediately  following  this  incident  in  the  book  is  laid  in 
the  very  spot  where  the  novel  was  being  completed: 
the  Big  Dipper  Mine,  on  Iowa  Hill,  near  Colfax. 

The  author  describes  McTeague  as  entering  the 
office  of  the  mine,  to  ask  the  superintendent  for  em 
ployment. 

''The  dentist  approached  the  counter  and  leaned  his  elbows  upon 
it.  Three  men  were  in  the  room,  —  a  tall,  lean  young  man,  with  a 
thick  head  of  hair  surprisingly  gray,  who  was  playing  with  a  half, 
grown  Great  Dane  puppy.  .  .  ." 

This  was  Frank  himself.  One  of  the  other  men  was 
his  college  chum,  the  owner  of  the  mine,  who  was 
afterward  to  furnish  the  material  for  the  character 
of  Annixter,  in  "The Octopus." 

Nothing  could  be  more  characteristic  of  the  whim 
sical  humor  of  Frank  Norris  than  this  casual  intro 
duction  of  himself  into  his  story.  He  was  describing 
the  room  in  which  he  was  writing,  with  utter  faith 
fulness.  He  came  in  due  time  to  himself  and  in 
cluded  his  own  person  in  the  picture. 

The  manuscripts  of  his  two  novels,  "McTeague" 
10 


FRANK  NORRIS 

Taken  at   Roselle,  New  Jersey,  in   1900,  about  the  time  he  was 
writing  "The  Octopus". 


Luna's  Mexican  restaurant  which  figured  so  largely  in  "Blix" 
and  other  stories  of  Frank  Norris. 


Frank  Norris' s  home  in  San  Francisco  up  to  the  time  he 
went  to  Harvard.  This  is  the  house  so  carefully  described 
in  "Vandover  and  the  Brute"  where  Vandover  and  the 
"Governor"  lived. 


and  "  Vandover  and  the  Brute,"  began  their  eastern 
visits,  and  their  author  commenced  to  write  "  Moran 
of  the  Lady  Letty,"  the  first  chapters  of  which  ap 
peared  in  the  Wave  before  more  than  a  part  of 
the  book  was  written.  In  "  Blix"  he  draws  an  amus 
ing  caricature  of  himself  at  this  period  of  his  life  and 
the  "Captain  Jack"  of  that  book,  was  the  Captain 
Joseph  Hodgson  to  whom  "  Moran"  was  dedicated. 
Hodgson  was  in  charge  of  the  United  States  Life 
Saving  Station  near  the  Presidio,  in  San  Francisco, 
andFrankused  to  read  the  early  chapters  of  "Moran" 
to  him,  getting  him  to  criticize  his  nautical  phrase 
ology,  and  help  him  with  the  actual  seamanship. 

When  the  story  was  half-completed,  Frank  started 
East  to  write  up  the  Mardi  Gras  festivities  in  New 
Orleans,  but  he  got  no  farther  than  St.  Louis  when 
the  summons  to  New  York,  —  for  which  he  had  long 
been  waiting  in  one  form  or  another  —  arrived. 

This  was  a  letter  from  John  S.  Phillips,  a  member 
of  the  firm  of  the  Doubleday,  McClure  Company, 
who  had  read  as  much  of  "  Moran"  as  had  appeared 
up  to  that  time.  Recognition  had  been  won,  it  re 
mained  only  to  fulfill  expectations.  "  Moran"  was 
published  in  September  of  the  same  year,"  McTeague" 
the  following  spring,  and  "  Blix"  six  months  later. 
"Vandover,"  strongest  of  them  all,  was  not  in  accord 
with  the  spirit  of  the  day  in  literature,  and  in  this  time 
of  rapid  production,  it  was  easy  to  ignore  its  claim. 

The  remaining  four  years  of  his  life  were  packed 
with  varied  events.  In  that  time  he  published  six 
novels;  he  went  as  a  war  correspondent  through  the 
Santiago  campaign,  and  again  all  but  died  with  a 

13 


return  of  the  treacherous  fever;  he  married;  and  a 
little  daughter  was  born  to  him. 

Four  months  before  his  death,  he  returned  to  San 
Francisco,  still  in  the  very  prime  of  his  youth,  suc 
cessful  and  yet  fired  with  splendid  new  ambitions  for 
his  work.  It  is  of  these  last  days  that  I  wish  finally 
to  speak.  We  were  constantly  together  at  this  time 
and  developed  an  intimacy  we  had  never  before 
reached.  It  was  then  that  he  told  me  of  the  last 
novel  of  the  trilogy  of  "The  Wheat,"  to  which  "The 
Octopus"  and  "The  Pit"  belonged.  Not  one  word 
of  this  book  was  ever  written.  It  was  not  to  be  cal 
led  "The  Wolf,"  however,  as  was  announced.  Its 
pivotal  episode  was  to  deal  with  a  famine-stricken 
country  of  Europe,  and  the  timely  appearance,  from 
across  the  sea,  of  three  huge  American  schooners,  - 
wheat-ships,  —  loaded  to  their  capacity  with  the 
great  crop  that,  in  spite  of  the  quarrels  of  farmers 
and  railroads,  and  in  spite  of  the  manipulation  of  the 
bulls  and  bears  on  the  stock  market,  was  to  fulfill  its 
destiny  as  "  the  nourisher  of  nations." 

But  the  great  book  he  was  burning  to  write  was  to 
centre  about  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  the  biggest 
and  most  vital  event  in  American  history,  and 
this  book  would  undoubtedly  have  been  the  great 
American  novel  if  his  handling  of  it  had  been  as  big 
as  its  theme.  Just  as  the  wheat  stood  to  him  as  a 
great  world-force,  so  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  repre 
sented  the  very  spirit  of  America.  It  was  to  have  been 
a  tremendous  novel  in  three  parts,  a  great  trilogy, 
each  part  dealing  with  one  of  the  days  of  the  battle,  a 
work  that  would  have  taken  him  years  to  write, 

14 


I  cannot  close  this  sketch  of  Frank  Norris  with 
out  a  word  concerning  his  unfailing  sense  of  humor, 
his  modesty  and  simplicity.  During  those  last 
months  of  his  life,  human  and  natural  forces  com 
bined  to  heap  their  favors  upon  him.  He  was  hailed 
as  America's  greatest  author;  Howells  and  Mark 
Twain  wrote  him,  in  encouragement  and  praise; 
publishers  clamored  for  his  work;  and  reporters,  in 
whose  ranks  he  had  so  lately  been  pursued  him,  and 
begged  for  interviews. 

There  is  no  better  proof  of  his  greatness  than  that 
this  adulation  left  him  still  humble,  pleasantly  sur 
prised,  and  grateful.  He  was  thoroughly  human 
about  it.  He  enjoyed  it  and  delighted  in  it.  He 
was  not  quite  sure  that  it  was  not  a  mistake,  but 
while  it  lasted  he  found  it  gratifying.  But  his  at 
titude  toward  his  popularity  had  nothing  in  common 
with  his  attitude  toward  his  work.  If  the  public  and 
the  critics  liked  "The  Pit,"  that  was  very  well;  but 
they  should  have  no  consideration  when  he  wrote  his 
next  book,  or  the  one  following  that  or  any  he  should 
ever  write. 

An  event  that  occurred  at  this  time  is  most  elo 
quent  of  his  contempt  for  the  publicity  so  eagerly 
sought  by  authors  generally.  An  old  friend,  a  Dr. 
Lawlor,  who  had  been  appointed  by  the  Governor  of 
California  as  superintendent  of  one  of  the  state's 
asylums  for  the  feeble-minded,  was  attacked  by  the 
local  press  of  San  Francisco  for  political  reasons.  It 
seemed  a  case  of  unwarrantable  persecution  and  my 
brother  was  indignant.  At  a  meeting  of  some  of  the 
petty  politicians,  Lawlor  gave  the  lie  direct  to  one  of 

15 


his  accusers.  The  man  whipped  out  his  revolver,  and 
Frank,  who  was  standing  near,  was  able  to  grab  the 
weapon  in  time  and  wrench  it  away  before  harm  was 
done.  The  same  afternoon  the  San  Francisco  Ex 
aminer  called  him  on  the  telephone.  The  New  York 
Journal  had  wired  for  a  full-page  story  of  the  "shoot 
ing-scrape"  in  which  Frank  Norris  had  saved  his 
friend's  life.  1  shall  never  forget  his  answer  to  the 
representative  of  the  Examiner  on  the  other  end  of 
the  telephone. 

"  You  tell  the  New  York  Journal  kindly  to  go  to 
hell,"  said  he,  and  hung  up  the  receiver. 

Of  the  untimely  and  tragic  ending  of  so  brilliant  a 
life,  there  is  nothing  that  I  can  add  to  what  has  al 
ready  been  written.  He  had  returned  to  San  Fran 
cisco  with  the  intention  of  doing  what  Jack  London 
finally  attempted  a  long  time  afterward  —  sailing 
across  the  Pacific  in  a  chartered  schooner  manned  by 
his  own  crew.  The  voyage  he  ultimately  made  took 
him  to  other  shores,  but  I  like  to  think  it  was  with 
him  as  he  wrote  of  it  in  his  own  sonnet  "Crepus- 
culum,"  many  years  before: 

/  bear  them  say  our  little  life's  "a  day,"  — 
That,  born  with  light,  at  dusk  it  dies  away. 
I  bear  them  say  that  Death  is  that  life's  night. 
That  we  but  wax  and  wane,  with  changing  light. 
O  Blind!     The  day's  not  yet,  this  life  of  ours 
Is  still  the  night's  slow  retinue  of  hours; 
Its  sorrows,  nightmares,  phantasms  of  the  shade, 
Its  pleasures,  dreams  that  only  form  to  fade. 
Our  life's  a  night  through  which  we  blindly  grope, 
Wiih  outstretched  palms,  hoping  'gainst  failing  hope. 
Death  ushers  in  the  dawn  of  life's  true  day, 
Though  gray  the  eve,  so  is  the  morning  gray: — 
Be  thou  uplift,  O  heart!   Death's  visage  wan 
Is  lighted  not  with  twilight,  but  with  dawn. 
16 


The  "Dental  Parlors"  over  the  Post  Office  on  Polk  Street, 
San  Francisco,  where  Me  league  lived.  A  dentist's  sign 
may  be  seen  under  the  first  side  window  of  the  second  floor. 


The  coffee  shop  on  Polk  Street,  San  Francisco,  where 
McTeague  ate  his  meals.  This  and  all  the  other  buildings 
in  these  photographs  were  destroyed  in  the  earthquake  and 
fire. 


A  page  from  the 
manuscript  of 
"Vandover  and  the 
Brute"  showing  the 
struggle  for  expres 
sion  its  author  un 
derwent.  Much  of 
it  was  rewritten  and 
the  whole  manu 
script  is  full  of 
omissions  and  in 
serts,  changes  and 
corrections. 


The  first  page  of 
the  manuscript  of 
"Vandover  and  the 
Brute"  showing 
where  the  author's 
name  was  cut  out 
for  the  sake  of  the 
autograph,  which 
prevented  the  novel 
from  being  identified 
as  the  work  of  Frank 
Norris  for  several 
years. 


VANU0VCR   AND   THE   BRUTE 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 
Essays,  Articles,  Letters 

"Ancient  Armour"  (first  published  article),  San  Francisco 
Chronicle,  March  31, 1889. 

Series  of  letters  from  South  Africa  concerning  Uitlander  In 
surrection,  published  in  the  San  Francisco  Chronicle-  "A  Cal- 
ifornian  in  City  of  Cape  Town,"  January  igth,  1896;  "In  the 
Compound  of  a  Diamond  Mine,"  February  2,  1896;  "From  Cape 
Town  to  Kimberley  Mine,"  January  26, 1896;  "In  the  Veldt  of  the 
Transvaal,"  February  9,  1896;  "A  Zulu  War  Dance,"  March  15, 
1896. 

"Types  of  Western  Men,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
May  2, 1896. 

"Western  City  Types,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
May  9, 1896. 

"The  Bivalve  at  Home,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
July  16, 1896. 

"  Italy  in  California,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave,  Octo 
ber  24,  1896. 

"A  Question  of  Ideals,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
December  26,  1897. 

"New  Year's  at  San  Quentin,"  published  in  San  Francisco 
Wave,  January  9, 1897. 

"Hunting  Human  Game,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
January  23, 1897. 

"Passing  of  Little  Pete,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
January  30, 1897. 

"A  California  Artist,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
February  6,  1897. 

"A  Lag's  Release,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave,  March 
6,  1897. 

"Among  the  Cliff-Dwellers,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
May  15, 1897. 

"The  Sailing  of  the  'Excelsior,'"  published  in  San  Francisco 
,  1897. 

19 


"The  Tale  and  the  Truth,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave 
September  25, 1897. 

"Art  Education  in  San  Francisco,"  published  in  San  Francisco 
Wave,  September  25, 1897. 

"The  End  of  the  Act,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave,  Nov 
ember  27,  1897. 

"  Comida,"  published  in  Atlantic  Monthly,  March,  1899. 
"With  Lawton  to  Caney,"  published  in  Century  Magazine, 
June,  1899. 

"Student  Life  in  Paris,"  published  in  Collier's  Weekly,  May 
12, 1900. 

Series  of  New  York  letters  to  Chicago  American,  May,  1901 
—  September,  1901. 

Series  of  Articles  to  Boston  Transcript,  November  15  —  Febru 
ary  5  (weekly  articles). 

"The  Unknown  Author  and  the  Publisher,"  published  in 
World's  Work,  April,  1901. 

"Mr.  Kipling's  'Kim'"  published  in  World's  Work,  September, 
1901. 

"True  Reward  of  the  Novelist,"  published  in  World's  Work, 
October  1901. 

"Story-Teller  vs.  Novelist,"  published  in  World's  Work, 
March,  1902. 

"The  Frontier  Gone  at  Last,"  published  in  World's  Work, 
February,  1902. 

"The  Need  of  a  Literary  Conscience,"  published  in  World's 
Work, May,  1902. 

"The  Novel  with  a  Purpose,"  published  in  World's  Work, 
May,  1902. 

Series  of  articles  to  The  Critic,  entitled  "Salt  and  Sincerity," 
published  monthly  from  May  to  October,  1902. 

"Life  in  the  Mining  Region,"  published  in  Everybody's  Maga 
zine,  September,  1902. 

"In  Defense  of  Doctor  W.  Lawlor,"  published  in  San  Francisco 
A rgonaut,  August  nth,  1902. 

20 


"The  Responsibilities  of  a  Novelist,"  published  in  The  Critic, 
December,  1902. 

"The  Neglected  Epic  "  published  in  World's  Work,  December, 

1002. 

The  "Great  American  Novelist,"  Syndicated,  January  19, 1903. 

"The  American  Public  and  Popular  Fiction,"  syndicated, 
February  2, 1903. 

"Child  Stories  for  Adults,"  syndicated,  February  9,  1903. 

"The  Nature  Revival  in  Literature,"  syndicated,  February 
16,  1903. 

"Novelists  to  Order  —  While  You  Wait,"  syndicated,  February 
23, J903- 

"Newspaper  Criticism  and  American  Fiction,"  syndicated, 
March  9, 1903. 

"  Richard  Harding  Davis,"  syndicated,  January  26, 1903. 
"Chances  of  Unknown  Writers,"  syndicated,  March  2,  1903. 
"The  Surrender  of  Santiago,"  syndicated,  July  13,  1913. 

Short  Stories 

"  Babazzouin,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Argonaut,  May, 
1891. 

"Son  of  a  Sheik,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Argonaut,  June, 
1891. 

"Le  Jongleur  de  Taillebois,"  published  in  San  Franscisco  Waie, 
December  25, 1891. 

"Arachne,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave,  1892. 

"  Lauth,"  published  in  Overland  Monthly,  March,  1893. 

"Travis  Hallets,  Half-Back,"  published  in  Overland  Monthly, 
January,  1894. 

"Outward  and  Visible  Sign  Series"  of  short  stories,  published 
in  the  Overland  Monthly,  commencing  February,  1894  —  titles  as 
follows:  "Thoroughbred,"  February,  1894;  "She  and  the  Other 
Fellow,"  March,  1894;  ;<The  Most  Noble  Conquest  of  Man," 
May,  1894;  "Outside  the  Zenana,"  July,  1894;  "After  Strange 
Gods  "October,  1894. 

21 


"The  Caged  Lion,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Argonaut, 
August,  1894. 

"A  Defense  of  the  Flag,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Argonaut, 
October,  1895. 

"A  Salvation  Boom  in  Matabeleland,"  published  in  San  Fran 
cisco  Wave,  April  25, 1896. 

"The  Heroism  of  Jonesie,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
May  16, 1896. 

Series  of  Sketches  entitled  "Man  Proposes,"  published  San 
Francisco  Wave,  May  23,  1896;  May  30,  1896;  June  13,  1896; 
June  27, 1896;  July  4,  1896. 

"In  the  Heat  of  Battle,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
December  19, 1896. 

"His  Sister,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave,     December 

28. 1896. 

"The  Puppets  and  the  Puppy,"  San  Francisco  Wave,  May  22, 
1897. 

"Beer  and  Skittles,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave,  May 
29,1897. 

"Through  a  Glass  Darkly,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
June  12, 1897. 

'Little  Dramas  of  the  Curbstone,"  published  in  San  Francisco 
Wdi-c,  June  26, 1897. 

"The  Strangest  Thing,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
July  3, 1897. 

"This  Animal  of  a  Buldy  Jones,"  published  in  San  Francisco 
Wave,  July  17, 1897. 

"  Boom"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave,  August  7, 1897. 

"Reversion  to  Type,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
August  14, 1897. 

"House  with  the  Blinds,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
August  21, 1897. 

"The  Third  Circle,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave,  August 

28. 1897. 

22 


"The  End  of  the  Beginning,"  published  in  San  Francisco 
Wave,  September  4, 1897. 

"A  Case  for  Lombroso,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
September  n,  1897. 

"His  Single  Blessedness,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave 
September  18, 1897. 

"Execution  without  Judgment,"  published  in  San  Francisco 
Wave,  October  2, 1897. 

"Miracle  Joyeux,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave,  October 
9,  1897. 

"Judy's  Service  of  Gold  Plate"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave 
October  1 6, 1897. 

"The  Associated  Un-Charities,"  published  in  San  Francisco 
Wave,  October  30, 1897. 

"Fantasie  Printaniere,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
November  6, 1897. 

"His  Dead  Mother's  Portrait"  published  in  San  Francisco 
Waue,  November  13, 1897. 

"Shorty  Stack,  Pugilist,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
November  20,  1897. 

"Isabella  Regina,"  published  in  San  Francisco  Wave,  Novem 
ber  27, 1897. 

"Perverted  Tales"  (Parodies  on  several  well-known  authors), 
published  in  San  Francisco  Wave,  December  25,  1897:  "The 
Rickshaw  that  Happened,"  by  R  —  d  K  —  g;  "The  Green  Stone 
of  Unrest,"  by  S  —  n  Cr  —  e;  "Van  Bubble's  Story,"  by  R  —  d 
H  —  g  D  —  s;  "Ambrosia Beer, "  by  A  —  e  B  —  e;  "I  Call  on 
Lady  Dotty,"  by  A  —  y  H  —  e;  "The  Hero  of  Tomato  Can," 
byB  — tH  — e. 

"The  Drowned  Who  Do  Not  Die,"  published  in  San  Francisco 
Wave,  September  24, 1898. 

"Miracle  Joyeux,"  republished  McClure's  Magazine,  December 
1898. 

"This  Animal  of  a  Buldy  Jones,"  republished  in  McClure's 
Magazine,  March,  1899. 

23 


"The  Riding  of  Felipe,"  published  in  Everybody's  Magazine, 
March,  1901. 

"Buldy  Jones,  Chef  du  Claque,"  published  in  Everybody's 
•Magazine,  May,  1901. 

"Kirkland  at  Quarter,"  published  in  Saturday  Evening  Post, 
December  12, 1901. 

"A  Memorandum  of  Sudden  Death,"  published  in  Collier's 
Weekly  y  January,  1902. 

"A  Bargain  with  Peg-Leg,"  published  in  Collier's  Weekly,  March 
1,1902. 

"Grettir  at  Drangey,"  published  in  Everybody's  Magazine, 
March,  1902. 

"A  Statue  in  an  Old  Garden,"  published  by  Ladies'  Home 
Journal,  May,  1903. 

"  Dying  Fires,"  published  in  Smart  Set  about  April,  1902. 

"The  Passing  of  Cock-Eye  Blacklock,"  published  in  Century 
Magazine,  July,  1902. 

"The  Guest  of  Honour,"  published  in  the  Pilgrim  Magazine, 
July  and  August,  1902. 

"A  Deal  in  Wheat,"  published  in  Everybody's  Magazine, 
August,  1002. 

"Two  Hearts  That  Beat  as  One,"  published  in  Brander  Maga 
zine,  (unable  to  ascertain  date). 

"The  Dual  Personality  of  Slick  Dick  Nickerson,"  published 
in  Collier's  Weekly,  November,  1902. 

"The  Ship  That  Saw  a  Ghost,"  published  in  Overland  Monthly, 
December,  1902;  and  in  New  England  Magazine,  December, 
1902. 

"The  Wife  of  Chino,"  published  in  Century  Magazine,  January, 
1903. 

"The  Ghost  in  the  Cross-Trees,"  published  in  New  York  Her 
ald,  March,  1903. 

"The  Lost  Story,"  published  in  the  Century  Magazine,  July, 
1903. 

24 


Short  Poems  Published 

"Poitier,"  medieval  ballad,  published  in  Berklyian  Magazine, 
1891. 

"Brunhilda,"  poem,  illustrated  by  author  published  in  Cali 
fornia  Illustrated  Magazine  (discontinued),  1891. 

"  Crepusculum,"  sonnet,  published  in  Overland  Monthly,  April, 
1892. 

"  The  Exile's  Toast,"  published  in  Reader,  May,  1907. 

Books  Published 

"Yvernelle,"  long  poem,  published  by  Lippincott  &  Com 
pany,  1892. 

"Moran  of  the  Lady  Letty,"  serialized  in  San  Francisco  Wave, 
about  January,  1898.  Published  by  Doubleday  &  McClure, 
September,  1898. 

"McTeague,"  published  by  Doubleday  &  McClure,  February, 
1899. 

"  Blix,"  serialized  in  The  Puritan  about  April,  1899.  Published 
by  Doubleday  &  McClure,  September,  1899. 

"A  Man's  Woman,"  serialized  in  New  York  Evening  Sun  about 
July  —  October,  1899;  in  San  Francisco  Chronicle,  July  23,  1899 
-October,  8,  1899.  Published  by  Doubleday  &  McClure, 
February,  1000. 

"Octopus,"  published  by  Doubleday,  Page  &  Company,  April, 
1901. 

"The  Pit,"  serialized  in  Saturday  Evening  Post,  September 
27,  1902  —  January  31,  1903.  Published  by  Doubleday,  Page 
&  Company,  January,  1903. 

"The  Responsibilities  of  the  Novelist,"  published  by  Double- 
day,  Page  &  Company,  1903. 

Contents:  The  Responsibilities  of  the  Novelist;  The  True 
Reward  of  the  Novelist;  The  Novel  with  a  "Purpose;"  Story 
tellers  vs.  Novelists;  The  Need  of  a  Literary  Conscience;  A 
Neglected  Epic ;  The  Frontier  Gone  at  Last ;  The  Great  American 
Novelist;  New  York  as  a  Literary  Centre;  The  American  Public 

25 


and  "Popular"  Fiction;  Child  Stories  for  Adults;  Newspaper 
Criticisms  and  American  Fiction;  Novelists  to  Order  —  While  you 
Wait;  The  "Nature"  Revival  in  Literature;  The  Mechanics  of 
Fiction;  Fiction  Writing  as  a  Business;  The  "Volunteer  Manu 
script;"  Retail  Bookseller,  Literary  Dictator;  An  American  School 
of  Fiction;  Novelists  of  the  Future;  A  Plea  for  Romantic  Fiction; 
A  Problem  in  Fiction ;  Why  Women  should  Write  the  Best  Novels; 
Simplicity  in  Art;  Salt  and  Sincerity. 

Complete  Works,  Golden  Gate  Edition,  published  by  Double- 
day,  Page  &  Company,  1903.  Seven  volumes  (edition  limited 
to  one  hundred  sets) .  (Out  of  print .) 

"A  Deal  in  Wheat,"  and  other  stories  of  the  new  and  old  West; 
published  by  Doubleday,  Page  &  Company,  1903. 

Contents:  A  Deal  in  Wheat;  The  Wife  of  Chino;  A  Bargain  with 
Peg-Leg;  The  Passing  of  Cock-Eye  Blacklock;  A  Memorandum 
of  Sudden  Death;  Two  Hearts  tLit  Beat  as  One;  The  Dual  Person 
ality  of  Slick  Dick  Nickerson;  The  Ship  that  Saw  a  Ghost;  The 
Ghost  in  the  Crosstrees;  The  Riding  of  Felipe. 

"The  Joyous  Miracle"  published  by  Doubleday,  Page  &  Com 
pany,  1906. 

"The  Third  Circle,"  published  by  John  Lane  Company,  1909. 

Contents:  The  Third  Circle;  The  House  with  the  Blinds;  Little 
Dramas  of  the  Curbstone;  Shorty  Stack,  Pugilist;  The  Strangest 
Thing;  A  Reversion  to  Type;  "  Boom;"  The  Dis-associated  Chari 
ties;  Son  of  a  Sheik;  A  Defense  of  the  Flag;  Toppan;  A  Caged 
Lion;  "This  Animal  of  a  Buldy  Jones;"  Dying  Fires;  Grettir  at 
Grangey ;  The  Guest  of  Honour. 

"Vandover  and  the  Brute"  published  by  Doubleday,  Page  & 
Company,"  1914. 

English  Editions 

"Yvernelle,"  1891. 

"Shanghaied"  (English  title  of  "Moran  of  the  Lady  Letty"), 
by  Richards,  1899;  by  Nelson,  1904;  by  Pearson,  1908. 
"McTeague,"  by  Richards,  1899. 
"Blix."  by  Richards,  1900. 

26 


"A  Man 's  Woman",  by  Richards,  1900. 

"Epic  of  the  Wheat;  the  Octopus",  by  Richards  1901;  also  as 
"The  Octopus",  by  Nelson,  1908. 

"Epic  of  the  Wheat:  the  Pit",  by  Richards,  1903;  also  as  "The 
Pit",  by  Nelson,  1908. 

"A  Deal  in  Wheat",  by  Richards,  1903. 

"The  Responsibilities  of  the  Novelist,"  by  Richards,  1903. 

"The  Third  Circle,"  by  Lane,  1909. 

"Vandover  and  the  Brute"  by  Heinemann,  1914. 

Portraits  of  Frank  Norris 

Bookbuyer,  18:187  (1899) 
Bookman,  10:234  (1899) 
Bookman,  16:307  (1902) 
Critic,  34:398  (1899) 
Critic,  41:536  (1902) 
Lamp,  26:55  (1903) 
World's  Work,  3:1450 
World's  Work,  5:2815 
Review  of  Reviews,  24 :59i 

Essays  on  Frank  Norris  and  His  Work 

F.T.  Cooper,  in  the  Bookman,  10:234 
F.  T.  Cooper,  in  the  Bookman,    16:334 
H.  Garland,  in  the  Critic,  42:216 
P.Millard,inOw*J^s/,  18:49 

H.  M.  Wright,  in  the  California  University  Chronicle,  5 :24O 
H.  N.  Stephens,  in  the  California  University  Chronicle,  5  ^24 
W.  D.  Ho  wells,  in  the  North  American  Review,  1 75  769 
M.  B.  Levick,  in  the  Overland,  New  Ser.,  45 :504 
A.  Goodrich,  in  Current  Literature,  34:105 
F.  Dill,  in  the  Bookman,  38 :27o 
27 


H.W.Preston,  in  the  A  tlantic,  91:691 
H.  M.  East,  Jr.  in  the  Overland,  60  (New  Ser.)  1533 
F.  T.  Cooper,  in  his  book  "American  Story-Tellers,"  page 
295-330 

J.  V.  Jensen,  in  his  book  "  Die  Neue  Welt,"  page  1 10  et  seq. 
Harper's  Weekly,  47 1433  (14  Mar.  '03) 
World's  Work,  5:2815 
Current  Literature,  33:764;  and  5 2:2 27 
Putnam's,  6:629 

Reviews  of  Individual  Books 

"Deal  in  Wheat"  —  Bookman,  18:311  (Nov.  '03);  Athenaeum, 
1903,  2 -.613  (Nov. '03). 

"Pit"  —  Bookman,  16:565  (A.  B.  Paine);  "World's  Work"; 
5:3133-4  (O.  Wister);  Lamp,  26:54  (A.  S.  Van  Westrum), 
Independent,  55:331;  Athenaeum,  1903,  1:204;  Arena,  29:440; 
Outlook,  73:152. 

"Responsibilities  of  the  Novelist"  —  Lamp,  27:342;  Nation, 
77:41 1  (19  Nov. '03) 

"McTeague"  —  Athenaeum,  1899,  2:757  (2  Dec.  '09). 

"Man's  Woman"  —  Critic,  36:352  (April,  1000). 

"Octopus"  —  Bookman,  13:245  (F.  T.  Cooper);  Bookbuyer, 
22:326  (A.  S.  Van  Westrum);  Overland,  37  (New  Ser.),  1050; 
Independent,  53:1139;  Dial,  31:136  (W.  M.Payne);  Harper's, 
103:824;  Athenaeum,  1901,  2:447  (B.  O.  Flower);  Arena,  27:547 
(H.  W.  Boynton) ;  Atlantic,  89:708. 

"Third  Circle"  —  A.  L.  A.  Booklist,  6:56;  Athenaeum,  1909, 
2:206;  Xation,  88:607;  New  York  Times,  14:339;  Saturday  Re 
view,  108:264;  Spectator,  103:425. 


28 


Books  by  Frank  Norris 


JUST  OUT 


Vandover  and  the  Brute 

"  The  idea  of  the  novel  is  so  big,  it  stands  so  firmly  upon  the 
fundamental  things  in  human  nature,  that  we  may  well  confine  our 
selves  to  a  consideration  of  Mr.  Morris's  intent  in  the  matter.  Frank 
Norris,  to  whom  art  meant  truth,  and  truth  art  would  be  glad  to  know 
(as  perhaps  he  does)  that  his  first  book,  appears  at  last  in  a  time  that 
judges  it,  not  by  conventional  and  artificial  standards,  but  on  the 
simple  basis  of  the  truth  there  is  in  it,  and  the  truth  in  it  will 
speak  for  itself." — New  York  Times. 

Net,  $1.35 


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A  Deal  in  Wheat,  Illustrated.        .     .  Net,  #1.35 

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